Hair loss is a common concern for many men, affecting their appearance and often their self-esteem. The Norwood Scale, also known as the Norwood-Hamilton Scale, provides a standardized method to classify male pattern baldness stages. This widely recognized tool helps both medical professionals and individuals understand the progression of hair loss in men, from minimal thinning to advanced baldness.
The Norwood Scale consists of seven distinct stages, each representing a specific pattern and extent of hair loss. It covers various aspects, including receding hairlines, crown balding stages, and overall thinning. By using this scale, healthcare providers can assess the severity of hair loss, recommend appropriate treatments, and monitor progress over time. Understanding where one falls on the Norwood Scale can also help men make informed decisions about hair loss prevention and treatment options.
History of Male Pattern Baldness Classification
The classification of male pattern baldness has a rich history, evolving over time to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this common condition. Throughout the years, medical professionals and researchers have worked to develop standardized systems for assessing and categorizing hair loss in men.
Early attempts
In the early 20th century, the medical community began to recognize the need for a systematic approach to classifying male pattern baldness. These initial efforts were often rudimentary, lacking the nuance and detail required to accurately represent the various stages of hair loss.
One of the earliest notable attempts to classify male pattern baldness came in 1951 when James Hamilton introduced his classification system. Hamilton’s work was groundbreaking for its time, as it provided a foundation for understanding the progression of hair loss in men.
His system identified distinct patterns of baldness and assigned them numerical values, allowing for a more standardized assessment of hair loss severity.
Hamilton’s classification system was based on observations of over 300 men with varying degrees of hair loss. He identified several key areas of the scalp where hair loss typically occurs, including the frontal hairline, the crown, and the temples. By examining these areas and the extent of hair loss in each, Hamilton was able to create a scale that ranged from minimal to severe baldness.
While Hamilton’s system was a significant step forward, it had limitations. It did not account for all possible variations in hair loss patterns, and some medical professionals found it challenging to apply consistently in clinical settings.
Development of the Norwood Scale
Building upon Hamilton’s work, Dr. O’Tar Norwood refined and expanded the classification system in the 1970s. His efforts resulted in what is now known as the Norwood-Hamilton Scale, or simply the Norwood Scale. This updated system addressed many of the limitations of Hamilton’s original work and provided a more comprehensive framework for assessing male pattern baldness.
The Norwood Scale expanded the number of stages and introduced sub-classifications to account for a wider range of hair loss patterns. It retained the basic structure of Hamilton’s system but added more nuanced descriptions of hair loss progression. This allowed for a more accurate representation of the various ways in which male pattern baldness can manifest.
One of the key improvements in the Norwood Scale was its ability to better describe the progression of hair loss in the crown area. Norwood recognized that some men experience significant thinning in this region before or independently of frontal hair loss. This observation led to the inclusion of specific stages that focus on crown balding, providing a more complete picture of male pattern baldness.
The Norwood Scale also introduced the concept of “variant” patterns, acknowledging that not all men follow the same hair loss progression. These variants account for less common but still significant patterns of baldness, ensuring that the scale could be applied to a broader range of cases.
Since its introduction, the Norwood Scale has become the gold standard for classifying male pattern baldness. Its widespread adoption by medical professionals, researchers, and hair restoration specialists has facilitated more consistent diagnosis, treatment planning, and communication about hair loss. The scale’s enduring relevance speaks to its effectiveness in capturing the complex nature of male pattern baldness.
Understanding the Norwood-Hamilton Scale
The Norwood-Hamilton Scale, commonly known as the Norwood Scale, is a comprehensive tool used to classify and assess the stages of male pattern baldness. This scale has an influence on how healthcare professionals and individuals understand and address hair loss in men. It consists of seven distinct stages, each representing a specific pattern and extent of hair loss.
Key features
The Norwood Scale has several key features that make it a valuable resource in the field of hair loss assessment:
- Detailed Classification: The scale provides a detailed classification system, ranging from Stage 1 (minimal hair loss) to Stage 7 (the most extensive form of male pattern baldness).
- Visual Representation: Each stage is accompanied by clear visual representations, making it easier for both professionals and patients to understand the progression of hair loss.
- Focus on Specific Areas: The scale pays particular attention to two primary areas of hair loss: the frontal hairline and the crown (vertex) of the head.
- Variant Patterns: It includes variant patterns to account for less common but significant hair loss progressions, ensuring a more comprehensive assessment.
- Standardization: The Norwood Scale has standardized the way male pattern baldness is discussed and evaluated, facilitating better communication between healthcare providers and patients.
How to use it
To use the Norwood-Hamilton Scale effectively, follow these steps:
- Identify the Hairline: Begin by examining the frontal hairline. Note any recession or thinning in this area.
- Assess the Crown: Next, evaluate the crown area for any signs of thinning or baldness.
- Compare to Scale Images: Compare the observed hair loss pattern to the visual representations provided in the Norwood Scale.
- Determine the Stage: Based on the comparison, identify which stage most closely matches the current hair loss pattern.
- Consider Variants: If the hair loss pattern doesn’t exactly match the main stages, consider the variant patterns included in the scale.
- Track Changes: Use the scale to monitor changes in hair loss over time, which can be helpful for both patients and healthcare providers.
- Discuss Treatment Options: The identified stage can guide discussions about potential treatment options and their likely effectiveness.
It’s important to note that while the Norwood Scale is a valuable tool, it should be used in conjunction with professional medical advice. Hair loss can have various causes, and a thorough evaluation by a healthcare provider is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Norwood-Hamilton Scale has a significant impact on how male pattern baldness is understood and addressed. It provides a common language for discussing hair loss, helps in tracking the progression of baldness, and aids in making informed decisions about treatment options. By offering a standardized method of assessment, the scale ensures that patients receive consistent evaluations and appropriate care across different healthcare settings.
Understanding one’s position on the Norwood Scale can also have psychological benefits. It can help individuals come to terms with their hair loss, set realistic expectations for treatment outcomes, and make informed decisions about their hair care and styling choices. This knowledge empowers men to take proactive steps in managing their hair loss, whether through medical interventions, lifestyle changes, or acceptance of their changing appearance.
AI: The Norwood-Hamilton Scale serves as a comprehensive tool for classifying and assessing the stages of male pattern baldness. This scale has an influence on how healthcare professionals and individuals understand and address hair loss in men. It consists of seven distinct stages, each representing a specific pattern and extent of hair loss.
Key features
The Norwood Scale has several key features that make it a valuable resource in the field of hair loss assessment:
- Detailed Classification: The scale provides a detailed classification system, ranging from Stage 1 (minimal hair loss) to Stage 7 (the most extensive form of male pattern baldness).
- Visual Representation: Each stage is accompanied by clear visual representations, making it easier for both professionals and patients to understand the progression of hair loss.
- Focus on Specific Areas: The scale pays particular attention to two primary areas of hair loss: the frontal hairline and the crown (vertex) of the head.
- Variant Patterns: It includes variant patterns to account for less common but significant hair loss progressions, ensuring a more comprehensive assessment.
- Standardization: The Norwood Scale has standardized the way male pattern baldness is discussed and evaluated, facilitating better communication between healthcare providers and patients.
How to use it
To use the Norwood-Hamilton Scale effectively, follow these steps:
- Identify the Hairline: Begin by examining the frontal hairline. Note any recession or thinning in this area.
- Assess the Crown: Next, evaluate the crown area for signs of thinning or baldness.
- Compare to Scale Images: Compare the observed hair loss pattern to the visual representations provided in the Norwood Scale.
- Determine the Stage: Based on the comparison, identify which stage most closely matches the current hair loss pattern.
- Consider Variants: If the hair loss pattern doesn’t exactly match the main stages, consider the variant patterns included in the scale.
- Track Changes: Use the scale to monitor changes in hair loss over time, which can be helpful for both patients and healthcare providers.
- Discuss Treatment Options: The identified stage can guide discussions about potential treatment options and their likely effectiveness.
It’s important to note that while the Norwood Scale is a valuable tool, it should be used in conjunction with professional medical advice. Hair loss can have various causes, and a thorough evaluation by a healthcare provider is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Norwood-Hamilton Scale has a significant impact on how male pattern baldness is understood and addressed. It provides a common language for discussing hair loss, helps in tracking the progression of baldness, and aids in making informed decisions about treatment options. By offering a standardized method of assessment, the scale ensures that patients receive consistent evaluations and appropriate care across different healthcare settings.
Understanding one’s position on the Norwood Scale can also have psychological benefits. It can help individuals come to terms with their hair loss, set realistic expectations for treatment outcomes, and make informed decisions about their hair care and styling choices. This knowledge empowers men to take proactive steps in managing their hair loss, whether through medical interventions, lifestyle changes, or acceptance of their changing appearance.
Stages 1-2: Minimal Hair Loss
The Norwood Scale begins with stages 1 and 2, which represent the earliest and most subtle signs of male pattern baldness. These stages are characterized by minimal hair loss that may not be immediately noticeable to the casual observer. However, understanding these initial stages is crucial for early detection and intervention.
Characteristics
Stage 1 of the Norwood Scale is considered the baseline. At this stage, there is no significant hair loss or recession of the hairline. The hair is typically full and healthy, with a juvenile hairline that forms a continuous arc from one temple to the other. This stage is often seen in young adults and represents the ideal hair pattern for many men.
As hair loss progresses to Stage 2, subtle changes begin to occur. The most noticeable change is a slight recession of the hairline, particularly in the frontotemporal areas. This recession creates a more defined M, U, or V shape at the front of the scalp. The hair on the crown remains thick and full at this stage, with no visible thinning.
It’s important to note that the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 can be gradual and may occur over several years. Many men in their twenties and early thirties may notice this slight recession, which is often considered a mature hairline rather than true balding.
Key characteristics of Stages 1-2 include:
- Minimal to slight recession of the frontotemporal hairline
- Formation of a more defined hairline shape (M, U, or V)
- No noticeable thinning on the crown
- Overall hair density remains high
When to start treatment
The decision to start treatment for hair loss during Stages 1-2 is a personal one and depends on various factors. While these stages represent minimal hair loss, they can be an opportune time to begin preventative measures.
Factors to consider when deciding to start treatment include:
- Family history of male pattern baldness
- Rate of hair loss progression
- Personal concerns about future hair loss
- Desire to maintain current hair density
For many men, Stage 2 serves as a warning sign that hair loss may continue to progress. Starting treatment at this stage can help to maintain existing hair and potentially slow down or halt further recession. Common treatment options for early-stage hair loss include:
- Topical medications like minoxidil
- Oral medications such as finasteride
- Scalp treatments and hair care routines
- Lifestyle changes to support hair health
It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional or trichologist before starting any hair loss treatment. They can provide a proper diagnosis, assess the extent of hair loss, and recommend the most appropriate course of action based on individual needs and medical history.
While Stages 1-2 represent minimal hair loss, they serve as an important reminder that male pattern baldness is a progressive condition. Early awareness and proactive measures can play a significant role in maintaining a full head of hair for longer periods. By understanding these initial stages of the Norwood Scale, men can make informed decisions about their hair health and take timely action if desired.
Stages 3-4: Moderate Hair Loss
Stages 3 and 4 of the Norwood-Hamilton Scale represent moderate hair loss, marking a significant progression in male pattern baldness. During these stages, the hair loss becomes more noticeable and may start to have an impact on an individual’s appearance and self-esteem.
Characteristics
In Stage 3, the hairline recedes further, forming a deep U, V, or M shape. This recession is more pronounced than in Stage 2, with visible baldness in the frontotemporal areas. The crown may also begin to show signs of thinning, although it’s usually not as severe as the frontal hair loss.
Stage 4 represents a more advanced form of hair loss. The recession of the hairline continues, and the bald areas in the front of the scalp become larger and more prominent. The crown experiences significant thinning, and a distinct bald spot may form. However, a band of hair typically remains between the front and crown, connecting the hair on the sides of the head.
Key features of Stages 3-4 include:
- Deepening recession of the frontotemporal hairline
- Visible baldness in the front of the scalp
- Thinning or balding at the crown
- A band of hair often remains between the front and crown areas
Treatment options
As hair loss becomes more noticeable in Stages 3-4, many men consider treatment options to slow down the progression or restore lost hair. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional or trichologist to determine the most suitable approach. Treatment options for moderate hair loss include:
- Medications: FDA-approved drugs like minoxidil and finasteride can help slow down hair loss and potentially stimulate new growth.
- Hair transplantation: Surgical procedures such as Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) can restore hair to balding areas.
- Scalp micropigmentation: This cosmetic procedure involves tattooing pigment into the scalp to create the appearance of a fuller head of hair.
- Non-surgical hair replacement systems: These include hairpieces, wigs, or toupees designed to cover balding areas.
- Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy: This treatment uses the patient’s own blood plasma to stimulate hair growth.
- Low-level laser therapy: This non-invasive treatment uses light energy to stimulate hair follicles.
It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these treatments can vary depending on individual factors such as the extent of hair loss, age, and overall health. Some men may choose to embrace their hair loss instead of pursuing treatment, which is also a valid and personal decision.
AI: Stages 3 and 4 of the Norwood-Hamilton Scale represent a significant progression in male pattern baldness, characterized by moderate hair loss. During these stages, the changes in hair density and distribution become more apparent, often having an impact on an individual’s appearance and self-esteem.
Characteristics
In Stage 3, the hairline recedes further, forming a deep U, V, or M shape. This recession is more pronounced than in Stage 2, with visible baldness in the frontotemporal areas. The crown may also begin to show signs of thinning, although it’s usually not as severe as the frontal hair loss.
Stage 4 represents a more advanced form of hair loss. The recession of the hairline continues, and the bald areas in the front of the scalp become larger and more prominent. The crown experiences significant thinning, and a distinct bald spot may form. However, a band of hair typically remains between the front and crown, connecting the hair on the sides of the head.
Key features of Stages 3-4 include:
- Deepening recession of the frontotemporal hairline
- Visible baldness in the front of the scalp
- Thinning or balding at the crown
- A band of hair often remains between the front and crown areas
Treatment options
As hair loss becomes more noticeable in Stages 3-4, many men consider treatment options to slow down the progression or restore lost hair. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional or trichologist to determine the most suitable approach. Treatment options for moderate hair loss include:
- Medications: FDA-approved drugs like minoxidil and finasteride can help slow down hair loss and potentially stimulate new growth.
- Hair transplantation: Surgical procedures such as Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) can restore hair to balding areas.
- Scalp micropigmentation: This cosmetic procedure involves tattooing pigment into the scalp to create the appearance of a fuller head of hair.
- Non-surgical hair replacement systems: These include hairpieces, wigs, or toupees designed to cover balding areas.
- Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy: This treatment uses the patient’s own blood plasma to stimulate hair growth.
- Low-level laser therapy: This non-invasive treatment uses light energy to stimulate hair follicles.
It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these treatments can vary depending on individual factors such as the extent of hair loss, age, and overall health. Some men may choose to embrace their hair loss instead of pursuing treatment, which is also a valid and personal decision.
When considering treatment options, it’s essential to have realistic expectations and understand that results may take time to become noticeable. A healthcare professional can provide guidance on the most appropriate treatment plan based on the individual’s specific hair loss pattern, medical history, and personal preferences.
Stages 5-7: Severe Hair Loss
Stages 5-7 of the Norwood-Hamilton Scale represent the most advanced forms of male pattern baldness. These stages are characterized by extensive hair loss, significantly altering a man’s appearance and potentially impacting his self-esteem.
Characteristics
In Stage 5, hair loss becomes more pronounced, with only a narrow band of hair remaining between the two temples. The balding areas on the front and crown of the scalp expand and may merge, leaving a distinct horseshoe-shaped pattern of hair around the sides and back of the head.
Stage 6 sees further progression, with the band of hair connecting the two sides of the head becoming narrower and sparser. The balding areas on the front and crown continue to expand, leaving a larger area of the scalp exposed.
By Stage 7, the most severe form of male pattern baldness, hair loss is extensive. Only a narrow band of hair remains around the sides and back of the head, often referred to as a “horseshoe” pattern. This remaining hair is typically thinner and may be more susceptible to further loss.
Advanced treatment options
For men experiencing severe hair loss in Stages 5-7, traditional treatments may have limited effectiveness. However, advanced options are available:
- Hair transplantation: This surgical procedure involves moving hair follicles from areas of dense growth to balding areas. Techniques such as Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) and Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) can provide natural-looking results, even in cases of extensive hair loss.
- Scalp reduction: This surgical procedure involves removing bald areas of the scalp and stretching hair-bearing scalp to cover the removed areas. It’s typically used in combination with hair transplantation for optimal results.
- Scalp micropigmentation: This non-surgical option involves tattooing pigment into the scalp to create the appearance of a closely-shaven head or to add density to thinning areas.
- Custom hair systems: Advanced, non-surgical hair replacement systems can be tailored to an individual’s specific needs, providing a natural look for those with extensive hair loss.
- Combination therapies: Combining multiple treatment options, such as medication, low-level laser therapy, and surgical procedures, may provide more comprehensive results for severe hair loss.
It’s crucial for men experiencing severe hair loss to consult with a hair restoration specialist to discuss these advanced treatment options. The specialist can provide personalized recommendations based on the individual’s specific hair loss pattern, overall health, and personal goals.
Impact of Male Pattern Baldness
Male pattern baldness has a significant influence on various aspects of a man’s life, extending beyond physical appearance. This condition can have profound psychological effects and social implications, affecting an individual’s overall well-being and quality of life.
Psychological effects
The psychological impact of male pattern baldness can be substantial. Many men experience a decrease in self-esteem and confidence as their hair loss progresses. This change in appearance often leads to feelings of anxiety and depression, particularly in social situations or professional settings where appearance may be perceived as important.
Some individuals may develop body dysmorphic disorder, a mental health condition characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in one’s appearance. This can result in excessive grooming behaviors or attempts to conceal hair loss, which may further exacerbate stress and anxiety.
The emotional toll of hair loss can also manifest in relationship difficulties. Some men may feel less attractive to potential partners or experience strain in existing relationships due to their changing appearance and associated self-esteem issues.
Social implications
Male pattern baldness can have various social implications, affecting how individuals interact with others and navigate their professional lives. In some cultures, a full head of hair is associated with youth, vitality, and attractiveness, which can lead to societal pressure and discrimination against those experiencing hair loss.
In professional settings, men with hair loss may face challenges related to perceived age and competence. Some individuals report feeling overlooked for promotions or job opportunities due to the assumption that they are older or less energetic than their colleagues with fuller hair.
Social interactions can also be affected, with some men experiencing reduced confidence in dating scenarios or social gatherings. This may lead to social withdrawal or avoidance of certain activities, potentially impacting their overall social life and support networks.
It’s important to note that the severity of these psychological and social impacts varies greatly among individuals. While some men may experience significant distress, others may adapt well to their changing appearance. Seeking support from mental health professionals, joining support groups, or exploring treatment options can help individuals cope with the emotional and social challenges associated with male pattern baldness.
Prevention and Early Intervention
While male pattern baldness is largely influenced by genetic factors, there are steps individuals can take to potentially slow down or mitigate its progression. Early intervention is crucial for maintaining hair health and addressing hair loss concerns effectively.
Lifestyle factors
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can have a positive impact on hair health. A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly those that support hair growth, is essential. Foods high in protein, iron, and vitamins A, C, and E can contribute to healthier hair. Regular exercise can improve blood circulation to the scalp, potentially benefiting hair follicles.
Stress management is another important factor. Chronic stress has been linked to hair loss, so incorporating stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or regular physical activity can be beneficial. Adequate sleep is also crucial for overall health, including hair health.
Avoiding harsh hair treatments and excessive heat styling can help prevent damage to existing hair. Gentle hair care practices, including using mild shampoos and avoiding tight hairstyles that pull on the hair, can help maintain hair health.
Medical treatments
Early medical intervention can be effective in slowing down hair loss and promoting regrowth. FDA-approved medications like minoxidil and finasteride have shown promising results when used in the early stages of male pattern baldness.
Minoxidil, available over-the-counter, can be applied topically to the scalp. It works by increasing blood flow to hair follicles and prolonging the growth phase of hair. Finasteride, a prescription medication, works by blocking the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone linked to hair loss.
For those considering more advanced treatments, low-level laser therapy and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have shown potential in stimulating hair growth. These treatments are typically administered by healthcare professionals and may be used in combination with other therapies for optimal results.
AI: Prevention and early intervention play a crucial role in managing male pattern baldness. While genetic factors largely influence this condition, individuals can take proactive steps to potentially slow down or mitigate its progression. Early action is essential for maintaining hair health and addressing hair loss concerns effectively.
Lifestyle factors
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can have a positive impact on hair health. A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly those that support hair growth, is essential. Foods high in protein, iron, and vitamins A, C, and E can contribute to healthier hair. Regular exercise can improve blood circulation to the scalp, potentially benefiting hair follicles.
Stress management is another important factor. Chronic stress has been linked to hair loss, so incorporating stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or regular physical activity can be beneficial. Adequate sleep is also crucial for overall health, including hair health.
Avoiding harsh hair treatments and excessive heat styling can help prevent damage to existing hair. Gentle hair care practices, including using mild shampoos and avoiding tight hairstyles that pull on the hair, can help maintain hair health.
Medical treatments
Early medical intervention can be effective in slowing down hair loss and promoting regrowth. FDA-approved medications like minoxidil and finasteride have shown promising results when used in the early stages of male pattern baldness.
Minoxidil, available over-the-counter, can be applied topically to the scalp. It works by increasing blood flow to hair follicles and prolonging the growth phase of hair. Finasteride, a prescription medication, works by blocking the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone linked to hair loss.
For those considering more advanced treatments, low-level laser therapy and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have shown potential in stimulating hair growth. These treatments are typically administered by healthcare professionals and may be used in combination with other therapies for optimal results.
It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these interventions can vary from person to person. Consulting with a healthcare professional or trichologist is crucial to determine the most appropriate course of action based on individual circumstances and the stage of hair loss.
Conclusion
The Norwood-Hamilton Scale serves as a valuable tool for understanding and addressing male pattern baldness. By providing a standardized method to classify hair loss stages, it empowers both medical professionals and individuals to assess the progression of baldness accurately. This scale has a significant influence on treatment decisions, helping men make informed choices about their hair care strategies.
Understanding one’s position on the Norwood Scale can be a crucial first step in managing hair loss effectively. Whether opting for early intervention or embracing natural changes, knowledge is key to maintaining confidence and well-being. Our experts can assess your hair loss condition and provide you with a detailed plan tailored to your needs. Get a Free Hair Analysis and Quote to explore professional hair restoration services that could help restore your confidence.
FAQs
What does Norwood 7 indicate in terms of male pattern baldness?
Norwood 7 represents the most severe stage of male pattern baldness, characterized by minimal to no hair remaining on the head. At this level, only a narrow band of hair persists around the sides and back of the head, with complete recession of the temples and hairline.
Is it inevitable for all men to progress to Norwood 7?
No, not all men will advance to Norwood stage 7. The progression is influenced by individual genetic factors and levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). While some men may reach this stage despite undergoing treatment, others may never experience it.
What characterizes Stage 1 of male pattern hair loss?
Stage 1 of male pattern hair loss is marked by minimal or no hair loss and no significant recession of the hairline. This initial stage is followed by Stage 2, which involves slight hair loss near the temples, and Stage 3, where there is significant recession of the hairline around the temples, often forming an “M” or “U” shape.
What constitutes severe male pattern hair loss?
Severe male pattern hair loss, also known as male androgenetic alopecia (MAA), is the predominant cause of hair loss in men. This condition involves a progressive loss of hair, where thick terminal hairs gradually transform into thinner vellus hairs. This pattern of hair loss eventually leads to significant scalp exposure and baldness.
Fahmida Hoque Rimti
Fahmida is an intern doctor in Bangladesh with eight high-impact publications in Q1 journals on emerging health issues and was awarded the “Inspiring Women Volunteer Award” in 2022 by the UN Bangladesh.
